Embolization of ruptured renal angiomyolipoma in puerpera / Embolização de angiomiolipoma renal roto em puérpera

Abstract Angiomyolipomas (AMLs) are rare benign tumors derived from mesenchymal tissue and composed of varying degrees of adipose tissue, muscle and blood vessels. Renal AMLs (RAMLs) are the result of a sporadic event, and, in most of cases, the diagnosis is usually incidental, but hemorrhage and shock may be present. During pregnancy, the size of AMLs may increase and they may rupture, probably due to the high expression of hormone receptors, and the increase in maternal circulation and abdominal pressure. The authors present a case of a woman with ruptured RAML submitted to urgent endovascular treatment four days after giving birth by cesarean section.

Resumo Angiomiolipomas (AMLs) são tumores benignos raros derivados do tecido mesenquimal, compostos em graus variados de tecido adiposo, muscular e de vasos sanguíneos. Os AMLs renais (AMLRs) resultam de um evento esporádico e, na maioria dos casos, o diagnóstico costuma ser fortuito, mas quadros de hemorragia e choque podem estar presentes. Durante a gestação, os AMLs podem aumentar de tamanho e romper, provavelmente pela altaexpressãodereceptoreshormonais,epeloaumentodacirculaçãomaternaedapressão abdominal. Os autores apresentam um caso de uma paciente com AMLR roto submetida a tratamento endovascular de urgência no quarto dia pós-operatório de uma cesariana.

Tumor ovárico del seno endodérmico (Yolk Sac). Dolor abdominal en el puerperio inmediato como síntoma diagnóstico / Endodermal sinus ovarian tumor (Yolk Sac). Abdominal pain in the immediate puerperium as a diagnostic symptom

RESUMEN Los tumores del seno endodérmico ovárico (Yolk Sac), son neoplasias malignas de origen germinal, que se caracterizan por su diferenciación embriológica a partir de estructuras del saco vitelino. Son tumoraciones muy infrecuentes, de crecimiento rápido y que suelen desarrollarse en adolescentes y mujeres jóvenes, en edad reproductiva. Su diagnóstico se basa en la combinación de pruebas de imagen asociado a niveles plasmáticos elevados de marcadores tumorales como la alfafetoproteína. El manejo terapéutico es eminentemente quirúrgico (pudiendo ser conservador en pacientes con deseo genésico no cumplido), asociado a pautas de quimioterapia sistémica combinada con bleomicina, etopósido y platino. Exponemos el caso de una paciente que en el puerperio tardío, presenta un cuadro clínico de dolor, distensión abdominal y fiebre, siendo diagnosticada tras el tratamiento quirúrgico y el estudio histológico posterior, de un tumor del seno endodérmico ovárico.

ABSTRACT Ovarian endodermal sinus tumors (Yolk Sac), are malignant neoplasms of germinal origin, which are characterized by their embryological differentiation from yolk sac structures. These tumors are very infrequent, of rapid growth and tend to develop in adolescents and young women of reproductive age. Its diagnosis is based on the combination of imaging tests associated with high plasma levels of tumor markers such as alpha-fetoprotein. The therapeutic management is eminently surgical (with a more conservative approach reserved for patients still considering later pregnancy), associated with patterns of systemic chemotherapy combined with bleomycin, etoposide and platinum. We present the case of a patient who, in the late puerperium, presents symptoms of pain, abdominal distension and fever, being diagnosed after the surgical treatment and the subsequent histological study of a tumor of the endodermal ovarian sinus.

Acute Abdomen Secondary to Ruptured Epithelial Ovarian Cancer during Pregnancy: The Relevance of Teamwork / Abdome agudo secundário à ruptura do câncer do ovário epitelial durante a gravidez: a importância do trabalho em equipe

Abstract Acute abdomen secondary to epithelial ovarian cancer rupture during pregnancy is a rare event. Our aim is to present how the work of a coordinated multidisciplinary team in a case of ruptured epithelial ovarian cancer during pregnancy is feasible to obtain the best results possible. A 34-year-old woman during the 37th week of her first gestation presented with an acute abdomen. During laparotomy, a ruptured 16.5-cm left ovarian tumor was detected; the tumor was extirpated and sent to pathologic evaluation. In the meantime, a Kerr cesarean section was performed, and a healthy female neonate was born. The tumor was diagnosed as a cystadenocarcinoma; therefore, the family and the combined surgical team (obstetricians and a surgical oncologist) decided to complete a definitive radical ovarian cancer surgery: hysterectomy, right salpingooophorectomy, lymphadenectomy, omentectomy and appendectomy. The patient's postoperative evolution was uneventful, and she was sent to adjuvant chemotherapy.

Resumo O abdome agudo secundário à ruptura do câncer do ovário epitelial durante a gravidez é um evento raro. Nosso objetivo é apresentar como o trabalho de uma equipe multidisciplinar coordenada em um caso de ruptura do câncer de ovário epitelial durante a gravidez é viável para obter os melhores resultados possíveis. Umamulher de 34 anos de idade, durante a 37a semana de sua primeira gestação, apresentou um abdome agudo. Durante a laparotomia, foi detectado um tumor ovariano esquerdo com ruptura de 16,5 cm; O tumor foi extirpado e enviado para avaliação patológica. Enquanto isso, uma cesariana de Kerr foi feita, e uma recém-nascida saudável nasceu. O tumor foi diagnosticado como um cistoadenocarcinoma; então, a família e a equipe cirúrgica combinada (obstetras e oncologista cirúrgico) decidiram concluir uma cirurgia radical definitiva do câncer de ovário: histerectomia, salpingo-ooforectomia direita, linfadenectomia, omentectomia e apendicectomia. A evolução pós-operatória da paciente foi sem intercorrências, e ela foi enviada para quimioterapia adjuvante.

Insulinoma and pregnancy: anesthesia and perioperative management / Insulinoma e gestação: anestesia e manejo perioperatório

Abstract Insulinoma is a functional neuroendocrine tumor derived from beta cells of the pancreatic islets of Langerhans, usually solitary, benign, and curable with surgery (enucleation). It rarely occurs during pregnancy and is clinically manifested by hypoglycemia, particularly in the first trimester of pregnancy. During pregnancy, both conservative therapeutic measures (medication) and surgical treatment are challenging regarding the impossibility of studies on drug teratogenicity as well as the maternal-fetal repercussions during surgery, such as hypoglycemia and changes due to stress. Case report: A 33-year primiparous woman, 86 kg, 1.62 m, BMI 32.7 kg·m-2, at 15 weeks' gestation, physical status ASA III, investigated for a reduced level of consciousness. Laboratory tests showed: hypoglycemia (45 mg.dL-1) associated with hyperinsulinemia (24 nUI.mL-1), glycosylated hemoglobin (4.1%); other laboratory findings and physical examination were normal. Magnetic resonance imaging showed a 1.1 cm nodule in the pancreatic tail with suspected insulinoma. Due to the difficult glycemic control with bolus and continuous infusion of glucose, laparotomy was performed for tumor enucleation under total intravenous anesthesia combined with epidural block. Monitoring, central and peripheral venous access, radial artery catheterization, diuresis, and glucosimetry were recorded every 15 minutes. Intraoperatively, there was severe hypoglycemia while handling the tumor and shortly before its enucleation, which was controlled through continuous infusion of 10% glucose balanced crystalloid solution (100-230 mL.h-1). The patient's postoperative evolution was uneventful, with resolution of hypoglycemia and total withdrawal of glucose intravenous infusion.

Resumo O insulinoma é um tumor neuroendócrino funcional de células beta das ilhotas de Langerhans pancreáticas, geralmente solitários, benignos, curáveis com cirurgia (enucleação). Raramente ocorre durante a gravidez e se manifesta clinicamente por hipoglicemia, principalmente no primeiro trimestre da gravidez. Durante a gestação as condutas terapêuticas conservadoras (medicamentosas) e o tratamento cirúrgico constituem desafios tendo em vista a impossibilidade de estudos sobre teratogenicidade de fármacos, assim como as repercussões materno-fetais durante intervenções cirúrgicas, como a hipoglicemia e alterações decorrentes do estresse. Relato de caso: Paciente com 33 anos, 86 Kg, 1,62m, IMC 32,7 kg.m-2, primigesta, 15 semanas de idade gestacional, estado físico III da ASA, investigada por rebaixamento do nível de consciência. Aos exames laboratoriais constataram-se: hipoglicemia (45 mg.dL-1) associada à hiperinsulinemia (24 nUI.mL-1) e hemoglobina glicosilada (4,1%); demais exames laboratoriais e exame físico normais. A ressonância magnética mostrou nódulo de 1,1 cm em cauda de pâncreas com hipótese de insulinoma. Devido ao difícil controle glicêmico com infusão em bolus e contínua de glicose, foi feita laparotomia para enucleação do tumor sob anestesia venosa total associada a bloqueio peridural. Monitoração, acesso venoso central e periférico, cateterização de artéria radial, diurese, glicosimetria a cada 15 minutos. No intraoperatório, observou-se hipoglicemia acentuada nos momentos de manipulação e imediatamente antes da enucleação do tumor, controlada com infusão contínua de solução cristaloide balanceada glicosada a 10% (100 a 230 ml.h-1). A evolução no pós-operatório seguiu sem intercorrências, com resolução dos quadros de hipoglicemia e retirada total da infusão venosa de glicose.

Cardiac myxoma in pregnancy: a comprehensive review / Mixoma cardíaco na gravidez: revisão abrangente

AbstractObjective:Cardiac myxoma in pregnancy is rare and the clinical characteristics of this entity have been insufficiently elucidated. This article aims to describe the treatment options and the risk factors responsible for the maternal and feto-neonatal prognoses.Methods:A comprehensive search of the literature of cardiac myxoma in pregnancy was conducted and 44 articles with 51 patients were included in the present review.Results:Transthoracic echocardiography was the most common diagnostic tool for the diagnosis of cardiac myxoma during pregnancy. Cardiac myxoma resection was performed in 95.9% (47/49); while no surgical resection was performed in 4.1% (2/49) patients (P=0.000). More patients had an isolated cardiac myxoma resection in comparison to those with a concurrent or staged additional cardiac operation [87.2% (41/47) vs. 12.8% (6/47), P=0.000]. A voluntary termination of the pregnancy was done in 7 (13.7%) cases. In the remaining 31 (60.8%) pregnant patients, cesarean section was the most common delivery mode representing 61.3% and vaginal delivery was more common accounting for 19.4%. Cardiac surgery was performed in the first, second and third trimester in 5 (13.9%), 14 (38.9%) and 17 (47.2%) patients, respectively. No patients died. In the delivery group, 20 (76.9%) neonates were event-free survivals, 4 (15.4%) were complicated and 2 (7.7%) died. Neonatal prognoses did not differ between the delivery modes, treatment options, timing of cardiac surgery and sequence of cardiac myxoma resection in relation to delivery.Conclusion:The diagnosis of cardiac myxoma in pregnancy is important. Surgical treatment of cardiac myxoma in the pregnant patients has brought about favorable maternal and feto-neonatal outcomes in the delivery group, which might be attributable to the shorter operation duration and non-emergency nature of the surgical intervention. Proper timing of cardiac surgery and improved cardiopulmonary bypass conditions may result in even better maternal and feto-neonatal survivals.

ResumoObjetivo:Mixoma cardíaco durante a gravidez é raro e as características clínicas dessa entidade não foram suficientemente esclarecidas. Este artigo tem como objetivo descrever as opções de tratamento e os fatores de risco responsáveis pelo prognóstico materno e fetal-neonatal.Métodos:Foi realizada uma pesquisa abrangente na literatura sobre mixoma cardíaco durante a gravidez e 44 artigos com 51 pacientes foram incluídos na presente revisão.Resultados:Ecocardiografia transtorácica foi a ferramenta de diagnóstico mais comum para o diagnóstico de mixoma cardíaco durante a gravidez. Ressecção do mixoma cardíaco foi realizada em 95,9% (47/49); enquanto não foi realizada ressecção cirúrgica em 4,1% (2/49) dos pacientes (P=0,000). Mais pacientes tiveram ressecção isolada do mixoma cardíaco em comparação com aqueles com operação cardíaca concomitante ou adicional [87,2% (41/47) vs. 12,8% (6/47), P=0,000]. A interrupção voluntária da gravidez foi feita em 7 (13,7%) casos. Nas restantes 31 (60,8%) pacientes grávidas, a cesariana foi o modo de parto mais comum, representando 61,3% e parto vaginal contabilizou 19,4%. A cirurgia cardíaca foi realizada no primeiro, segundo e terceiro trimestre em 5 (13,9%), 14 (38,9%) e 17 (47,2%) pacientes, respectivamente. Nenhuma paciente morreu. No grupo de parto, 20 (76,9%) recém-nascidos sobreviveram livres de eventos, 4 (15,4%) tiveram complicações e 2 (7,7%) morreram. Os prognósticos neonatais não diferiram entre os modos de parto, opções de tratamento, tempo de cirurgia cardíaca e sequência de ressecção mixoma cardíaco em relação ao parto.Conclusão:O diagnóstico de mixoma cardíaco durante a gravidez é importante. Tratamento cirúrgico de mixoma cardíaco em pacientes grávidas trouxe resultados favoráveis para as mães e os neonatos no grupo de parto, o que pode ser atribuído à duração mais curta da operação e à natureza não emergencial da intervenção cirúrgica. O momento adequado da cirurgia cardíaca e melhoria das condições de circulação extracorpórea podem resultar em sobrevivência materna e do feto-neonato ainda melhor.

Neurofibromatosis tipo 1 en el embarazo: reporte de caso y revisión de la literatura / Type 1 neurofibromatosis in pregnancy: case report and literature review

INTRODUCCIÓN: La combinación de embarazo y Neurofibromatosis tipo 1 (NF1) ha sido reportada con frecuencias de 1/2.500 a 1/18.500 partos. Patología con manifestaciones que van desde lesiones cutáneas, tumores o complicaciones ortopédicas. En la mujer esta enfermedad podría empeorar durante la gestación, debido a la cantidad de receptores esteroidales que tendrían los neurofibromas y la posibilidad de malignización de tumores del sistema nervioso central. PRESENTACIÓN DEL CASO: Mujer de 22 años, multípara de 1, con una perdida reproductiva a las 6 semanas de gestación, con antecedentes de NF1, un tumor cerebral tipo glioma temporal medial derecho y otro ubicado en nervio óptico izquierdo diagnosticados a los 17 años de edad, escoliosis lumbar operada a sus 13 años, controles con psiquiatra por discapacidad intelectual; además refiere que su madre y hermano presentan lesiones cutáneas compatibles con NF1, con total abandono de seguimiento hace 6 años. Inició sus controles con alto riesgo obstétrico al cursar la semana 22 de embarazo, se hospitalizó a las 37 semanas de gestación para mejorar la referencia y controles con especialistas. En el examen físico de ingreso destacó: escoliosis, estrabismo convergente de ojo derecho, lesiones hiperpigmentadas café con leche en dorso, extremidades inferiores, sin focalidad neurológica. Llegó a embarazo de término, realizándose parto vaginal a las 39semanas, con producto sexo femenino de 3360 gramos por 50 cm, adecuado para la edad gestacional, APGAR 9-10. DISCUSIÓN: Las pacientes embarazadas con NF1 contituyen un grupo de alto riesgo obstétrico, requieren de un equipo de trabajo multidisciplinario, consejería preconcepcional y de controles post parto

INTRODUCTION: The combination of pregnancy and Type 1 Neurofibromatosis (NF1) has been reported in rates of 1 in 2500 to 1 in 18500 deliveries. It's a disease with multiple manifestations such as skin damage, tumors or orthopedic complications. In women the disease may worsen during pregnancy, due to the amount of the neurofribromas' steroid receptors and the possibility of malignant transformation tumors of the central nervous system. CASE REPORT: 22 year old woman, with one previous satisfactory delivery, and a history of reproductive loss at 6 weeks gestation. She is diagnosed with NF1, showing a brain tumor, located in the right temporal medial side, glioma-type and other located in the left optic nerve diagnosed at 17 years of age, lumbar scoliosis operated at 13 years, psychiatrist controls with intellectual disabilities. Also, she relates that his mother and brother have skin lesions compatible with NF1, not keeping track six years ago. She began with high obstetrical risk unit controls at 22 weeks pregnant, then she was hospitalized at 37 weeks of gestation to improve reference and controls. In the physical first exam highlighted: scoliosis, convergent strabismus of the right eye, coffee with milk hyperpigmented lesions in the back, lower extremities without neurological deficit. She had a successful calving, performing vaginal delivery at 39 weeks, with a female of 3360 grams of weight and 50 cm height, appropriate for gestational age, APGAR 9-10. DISCUSSION: Pregnant patients with NF1 are a group of high-risk obstetrics, they require a multidisciplinary team of work, preconception counseling and birth controls after delivery

Evolution of differentiated thyroid cancer during pregnancy in a community University Hospital in Buenos Aires, Argentina / Evolução do câncer diferenciado de tiroide durante a gestação em um Hospital Universitário de Buenos Aires, Argentina

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the presentation, follow-up and evolution of differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) detected during pregnancy. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Twenty nine women with DTC detected during pregnancy were analyzed. Group I (n = 13) was seen during pregnancy and DTC was diagnosed during gestation; detection of the nodule occurred during pregnancy (first trimester). Group II (n = 16) was seen after delivery; detection of the nodule occurred during pregnancy (second or third trimester). Complete thyroidectomy, ablative dose of radioactive iodine, and treatment with levothyroxine were performed. Follow-up: neck ultrasound; TSH, free T4, thyroglobulin, and anti-thyroglobulin antibodies with and without treatment with levothyroxine; and 131I whole body scans. Histological diagnosis, lymph node metastases, tumor size and stage, complications from pregnancy, and DTC evolution were evaluated. RESULTS: 100% of the patients had papillary thyroid carcinoma. Lymph node metastases were detected in 13 (44.8%), and invasion of adjacent extrathyroid tissue in 2 patients. Tumor size was larger in Group II: 22.1 ± 10.9 versus 13.9 ± 3.5 mm; p = 0.03. No differences were found in the tumor stages between groups. All patients had full-term pregnancies and healthy newborns. Follow-up: 5.7 ± 4.3 years; one patient had persistent disease. CONCLUSIONS: DTC detected during pregnancy had a favorable evolution. Surgery may be postponed to the post-delivery period, unless there are risk factors that justify it during pregnancy.

OBJETIVO: Analisar a apresentação, o seguimento e a evolução do câncer diferenciado da tiroide (CDT) durante a gestação. SUJEITOS E MÉTODOS: Vinte e nove mulheres com CDT detectado durante a gestação foram analisadas. O Grupo I (n = 13) foi atendido durante a gestação e o CDT foi diagnosticado durante a gravidez; a detecção do nódulo aconteceu durante a gestação (primeiro trimestre). O Grupo II (n = 16) foi atendido depois do parto; a detecção do nódulo aconteceu durante a gestação (segundo ou terceiro trimestre). Foram feitos a tiroidectomia, dose de iodo radioativo e tratamento com levotiroxina. Acompanhamento: ultrassom de pescoço; TSH, T4 livre, tiroglobulina, e anticorpos antitiroglobulina com ou sem tratamento com levotiroxina e imagens de corpo inteiro com 131I. Foram analisados o diagnóstico histológico, as metástases em linfonodos, estágio e tamanho do tumor e complicações da gestação e a evolução do CDT. RESULTADOS: Cem por cento das pacientes apresentaram carcinoma papilar da tiroide. Foram detectadas metástases em linfonodos em 13 (44,8%) pacientes e invasão de tecidos extratiroidianos adjacentes em duas pacientes. O tumor foi maior no Grupo II: 22,1 ± 10,9 versus 13,9 ± 3,5 mm; p = 0,03. Não foram observadas diferenças nos estágios dos tumores entre os grupos. Não houve partos prematuros e todos os recém-nascidos estavam saudáveis. Acompanhamento: 5,7 ± 4,3 anos; uma paciente apresentou doença persistente. CONCLUSÕES: O CDT detectado durante a gestação tem evolução favorável. A cirurgia pode ser adiada até o momento pós-parto, a não ser que haja fatores de risco que justifiquem a intervenção durante a gestação.

Resultados maternos e perinatais em gestantes portadoras de leucemia / Maternal and perinatal outcomes in pregnant women with leukemia

RESUMO OBJETIVO: Descrever as complicações maternas e os resultados perinatais entre as gestantes com diagnóstico de leucemia que foram acompanhadas no pré-natal e no parto em hospital universitário. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo do período de 2001 a 2011, que incluiu 16 gestantes portadoras de leucemia acompanhadas pela equipe de pré-natal especializado em hemopatias e gestação. Nas leucoses agudas, diagnosticadas após o primeiro trimestre, a recomendação foi realizar a quimioterapia apesar da gestação em curso. Nas gestantes com leucoses crônicas, quando controladas do ponto de vista hematológico, foram mantidas sem medicação durante a gravidez, ou, foi introduzida terapêutica antineoplásica após o primeiro trimestre. Foram analisadas as complicações maternas e os resultados perinatais. RESULTADOS: A leucemia linfoide aguda (LLA) foi diagnosticada em cinco casos (31,3 por cento), a leucemia mieloide aguda (LMA) em dois casos (12,5 por cento) e a leucemia mieloide crônica (LMC) em nove casos (56,3 por cento). Nos casos de leucemias agudas, dois (28,6 por cento) casos foram diagnosticados no primeiro trimestre, dois (28,6 por cento) no segundo e três (42,9 por cento) no terceiro. Duas gestantes com LLA diagnosticada no primeiro trimestre optaram pelo aborto terapêutico. Quatro casos de leucemia aguda receberam tratamento quimioterápico na gestação, com diagnóstico estabelecido após a 20ª semana. Em um caso de LLA com diagnóstico tardio (30ª semana) a quimioterapia foi iniciada após o parto. Todas as gestantes com leucemia aguda evoluíram com anemia e plaquetopenia, quatro casos (57,1 por cento) evoluíram com neutropenia febril. Das gestantes com LMC, quatro utilizavam mesilato de imatinibe quando engravidaram, três delas suspenderam no primeiro trimestre e uma no segundo. Durante a gravidez, três (33,3 por cento) não necessitaram de terapêutica antineoplásica após suspensão do imatinibe; e em seis (66,7 por cento) foram utilizadas as seguintes drogas: interferon (n=5) e/ou hidroxiureia (n=3). No grupo de gestantes com LMC, verificou-se a ocorrência de anemia em quatro casos (44,4 por cento) e plaquetopenia em um (11,1 por cento). Quanto aos resultados perinatais, nas gestações complicadas pela leucemia aguda, a média da idade gestacional no parto foi de 32 semanas (desvio padrão - DP=4,4) e a média do peso do recém-nascido foi 1476 g (DP=657 g). Houve 2 (40,0 por cento) óbitos perinatais (um fetal e um neonatal). Nas gestações complicadas pela LMC, a média da idade gestacional no parto foi de 37,6 semanas (DP=1,1) e a média do peso do recém-nascido foi 2870 g (DP=516 g); não houve morte perinatal e nenhuma anomalia fetal foi detectada. CONCLUSÕES: É elevada a morbidade materna e fetal nas gestações complicadas pela leucemia aguda; enquanto que, nas complicadas pela LMC, o prognóstico materno e fetal parece ser mais favorável, com maior facilidade no manejo das complicações.

PURPOSE: To describe the maternal and perinatal outcomes of pregnant women diagnosed with leukemia who were followed up for prenatal care and delivery at a university hospital. METHODS: A retrospective study of the period from 2001 to 2011, which included 16 pregnant women with a diagnosis of leukemia followed by antenatal care specialists in hematological diseases and pregnancy. For acute leukemia diagnosed after the first trimester, the recommendation was to perform chemotherapy despite the current pregnancy. For chronic leukemia, patients who were controlled in hematological terms were maintained without medication during pregnancy, or chemotherapy was introduced after the first trimester. We analyzed the maternal and perinatal outcome. RESULTS: Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) was diagnosed in five cases (31.3 percent), acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in two cases (12.5 percent) and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) in nine cases (56.3 percent). Of the cases of acute leukemia, two (28.6 percent) were diagnosed in the first trimester, two (28.6 percent) in the second and three (42.9 percent) in the third. Two patients with ALL diagnosed in the first trimester opted for therapeutic abortion. Four patients with acute leukemia received chemotherapy during pregnancy, with a diagnosis established after the 20th week. In one case of ALL with a late diagnosis (30 weeks), chemotherapy was started after delivery. All pregnant women with acute leukemia developed anemia and thrombocytopenia, and four (57.1 percent) developed febrile neutropenia. Of nine pregnant women with CML, four were treated with imatinib mesylate when they became pregnant, with treatment being interrupted in the first trimester in three of them and in the second trimester in one. During pregnancy, three patients (33.3 percent) required no chemotherapy after discontinuation of imatinib, and six (66.7 percent) were treated with the following drugs: interferon (n=5) and/or hydroxyurea (n=3 ). In the group of pregnant women with CML, anemia occurred in four (44.4 percent) cases and thrombocytopenia in one (11.1 percent). The perinatal outcomes of pregnancies complicated by acute leukemia were as follows: mean gestational age at delivery was 32 weeks (standard deviation - SD=4.4) and the mean birth weight was 1476 g (SD=657 g), there were 2 (40.0 percent) perinatal deaths (a fetal one and a neonatal one). In pregnancies complicated by CML, the mean gestational age at delivery was 37.6 weeks (SD=1.1) and the mean birth weight was 2870 g (SD=516 g). There was no perinatal death and no fetal abnormality was detected. CONCLUSIONS: Maternal and fetal morbidity is high in pregnancies complicated by acute leukemia. Whereas, in pregnancies complicated by CML, the maternal and fetal prognosis appears to be more favorable, with greater ease in management of complications.

Manejo del cáncer de recto durante el embarazo / Treatment of rectal cancer associated with pregnancy

El cáncer de recto tiene baja incidencia en la mujer embarazada, su diagnóstico durante el embarazo suele ser tardío, pues sus síntomas son similares a los propios de la gestación. El diagnóstico tardío le confiere un peor pronóstico, aunque el embarazo en si mismo no afecta la evolución natural de la enfermedad. El pronóstico perinatal no se ve afectado por la neoplasia misma, incluso en casos con metástasis múltiples, sino por el tratamiento indicado. El manejo dependerá fundamentalmente del estadío de la neoplasia y de la edad gestacional. Se revisa la literatura médica acerca del cáncer rectal asociado con el embarazo y se plantea un protocolo de manejo.

Rectal cancer has low incidence in the pregnant women. Its diagnosis during pregnancy is usually delayed, since cancer symptoms are quite similar to normal symptoms of gestation. Delayed diagnosis confers worse prognosis, although pregnancy itself does not affect natural evolution of the disease. The perinatal outcome is not affected by the neoplasia, even in cases with multiple metastases, but may be affected by the treatment. The treatment of rectal cancer will depend of the stage of the neoplasia and gestational age. We review published data regarding rectal cancer associated with pregnancy and propose a management protocol.

Abordaje diagnóstico-terapéutico del cáncer de mama asociado con embarazo: actualización 2010 / Diagnostic-therapeutic approach to breast cancer associated with pregnancy: update 2010

Definido como la presencia de cáncer de la glándula mamaria durante el periodo de gestación y hasta un año después de la resolución del embarazo, el cáncer de mama asociado con el embarazo representa dilemas, controversias y contradicciones éticas en su abordaje diagnósticoterapéutico; son temas de controversia el pronóstico, el método diagnóstico y la interrupción del embarazo. El objetivo de esta comunicación es mostrar las recomendaciones en el diagnóstico-tratamiento en estas pacientes, con base en evidencia, y discutir temas controvertidos como el papel del mapeo linfático, estudios preterapéuticos y momentos ideales del tratamiento. Aunque poco frecuente, se considera que su prevalencia se incrementará lentamente, no solo porque la neoplasia en sí misma tiene una frecuencia cada día mayor sino porque en las sociedades occidentales las mujeres se embarazan por primera vez a edades mayores, cuando el cáncer mamario es más frecuente. Al igual que en la población general, el cáncer de mama es la neoplasia más frecuente en mujeres embarazadas y cuando se diagnostica surgen interrogantes que en ocasiones no tienen respuesta basada en evidencia científica; en numerosas ocasiones, las decisiones terapéuticas se toman con base en el conocimiento obtenido en el tratamiento del cáncer mamario en la mujer no embarazada. Aplicar rutinariamente la nueva tecnología diagnóstico-terapéutica teniendo la seguridad de no afectar al binomio madre-hijo es una decisión difícil de tomar. El principal objetivo del tratamiento de una mujer embarazada con cáncer de mama es obtener el estándar del resultado oncológico y preservar la integridad del producto.

Breast cancer associated with pregnancy (defined as the presence of breast cancer during gestation extending until a year after the resolution of the pregnancy) represents controversial ethical dilemmas and contradictions in its diagnostic and therapeutic approach. Diagnostic methods and the role of pregnancy interruption are controversial subjects for prognosis. Our objective was to discuss the recommendations for diagnosis and treatment for these patients using evidence-based medicine and to discuss controversial subjects such as the role of lymphatic mapping, pre-therapeutic studies and appropriate treatment schedule. Fortunately, the prevalence of breast cancer during pregnancy is low. It is generally considered, however, that this prevalence will slowly increase because of two factors: 1) breast cancer is showing an increasing prevalence and 2) in Western societies the age when a woman becomes pregnant for the first time has increased, which is also associated with the age when breast cancer frequency rises. As in the general population, breast cancer is the most frequent neoplasm in pregnant women. When diagnostic questions arise that sometimes do not have an answer based on scientific evidence, therapeutic decisions are often made based on knowledge acquired in breast cancer treatment of nonpregnant women. To routinely apply new diagnostic/therapeutic technologies with the safety of protecting the pregnancy is a difficult decision to make. In the end, the main objective of treatment of a pregnant woman with breast cancer is to maintain the standard of the desired oncological results while preserving the integrity of the fetus.

Un análisis del problema ético y legal del tratamiento del cáncer cervicouterino en mujeres embarazadas: [revisión] / Ethical and legal problem in the treatment of cervical cancer in pregnant women: [review]

Se analiza el problema ético y jurídico del tratamiento del cáncer cervicouterino en mujeres embarazadas. Se realizó una revisión del tema, de las leyes chilenas y de algunas normativas europeas para después analizar la aplicación de los principios de No Maleficencia, Beneficencia, Autonomía y del Doble Efecto. El tema genera una difícil discusión e interpretación, pues tanto las leyes como los principios son orientadores, pero no explícitos para decidir la conducta más adecuada en cada caso. Lo ideal es preservar la vida materna y fetal, pero hay casos en los que, finalmente, es necesario priorizar una sobre la otra. Corresponde al equipo tratante, la madre, el padre, la familia y la sociedad concordar las conductas más responsables y justas posibles.

Authors analyze the ethical and legal problem about the treatment of cervical cáncer in pregnant women. A review of the Chilean laws and European regulations was made in order to analyze the application of the principies of Non maleficence, Beneficence, Autonomy and the Double Effect. The subject generates a difficult discussion and interpretation since both, law and principies, are guiding but do not give an explicit answer to choose the more appropriate behavior in each case. The goal is to preserve maternal and fetal life, but there are cases in which it is necessary to prioritize one over the other. A consensus between medical staff, the mother, the father, the family and society is necessary for a more responsible and fair decision.

Diagnosis and treatment of cervical cancer during pregnancy / Diagnóstico e tratamento do câncer do colo uterino durante a gestação

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: One third of all cervical carcinomas occur during the reproductive period. Cervical carcinoma is the second greatest cause of death due to cancer during this phase. The estimated frequency of cervical cancer during pregnancy is one case for every 1,000 to 5,000 pregnancies. The aim here was to provide information about the difficulties in diagnosing and managing cervical neoplasia during pregnancy. MATERIALS: A systematic review of the literature was undertaken through the PubMed, Cochrane, Excerpta Medica (Embase), Literatura Latino Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (Lilacs) and Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO) databases, using the following words: pregnancy, cervical cancer, diagnosis and management. RESULTS: There was a consensus in the literature regarding diagnosis of cervical carcinoma and management of preneoplastic lesions during pregnancy. However, for management of invasive carcinoma, there was great divergence regarding the gestational age taken as the limit for observation rather than immediate treatment. CONCLUSION: All patients with cytological abnormalities should undergo colposcopy, which will indicate and guide biopsy. Conization is reserved for patients with suspected invasion. High-grade lesions should be monitored during pregnancy and reevaluated after delivery. In cases of invasive carcinoma detected up to the 12th week of pregnancy, patient treatment is prioritized. Regarding diagnoses made during the second trimester, fetal pulmonary maturity can be awaited, and the use of chemotherapy to stabilize the disease until the time of delivery appears to be viable.

CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO: Um terço dos carcinomas de colo ocorrem no período reprodutivo, sendo que esta é a segunda causa de morte por câncer nessa fase. A freqüência estimada do carcinoma de colo uterino na gravidez é de um caso para cada 1.000 a 5.000 gestações. O objetivo foi informar sobre as dificuldades frente ao diagnóstico e manejo da neoplasia cervical durante a gravidez. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Revisão sistemática da literatura foi realizada no PubMed, Cochrane, Excerpta Medica (Embase), Literatura Latino Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (Lilacs) and Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), usando as seguintes palavras: gestação, câncer cervical, diagnóstico e manejo. RESULTADOS: A literatura apresenta consenso quanto ao diagnóstico do carcinoma cervical e a conduta das lesões pré-neoplásicas durante a gestação. No manejo do carcinoma invasor há grande divergência quanto à idade gestacional considerada como limite para a adoção da observação em vez do tratamento imediato. CONCLUSÃO: Toda paciente com citologia alterada deve realizar colposcopia, a qual indicará e a biópsia. A conização é reservada para pacientes com suspeita de invasão. As lesões de alto grau devem ser acompanhadas durante a gestação e reavaliadas após o parto. Em casos de carcinoma invasor em gestantes com até 12 semanas o tratamento da paciente é priorizado. Nos diagnósticos ocorridos no segundo trimestre, pode-se aguardar a maturidade pulmonar fetal e o uso da quimioterapia para estabilizar a doença até o momento do parto parece ser viável.

Breast carcinoma during pregnancy

The medical records of patients with pregnancy associated breast carcinoma were critically reviewed to identify the tumor characteristics, maternal details, type of treatment delivered, and disease outcome. Over the last 5 years, there were 5 patients out of 220 giving a percentage prevalence of 2.27%. The median age at presentation was 33 years. Three patients were diagnosed by the sixth week of gestational age. Three out of 5 presented with stage IIIA. Four patients has >/= 6 positive axillary lymph nodes and grade III disease. So in spite of the discovery of the tumor in the early weeks of pregnancy, our patients presented with advanced disease, which is consistent with the presentation of breast carcinoma in non-pregnant women in this part of the world. So it could be an ignored disease, which became evident with the pregnancy. We highly encourage the obstetricians to perform thorough breast examination during the prenatal period with prompt referral of any suspicious cases

Pregnancy with macroprolactinoma

A macroprolactinoma recurred in a 25-year-old lady, who had initially presented with inability to conceive, secondary amenorrhea, galactorrhea and persistent headache. She was diagnosed as a patient of pituitary macroadenoma of 1.7 cm with elevated serum prolactin level. She was given Bromocriptine, which normalized her menstruation as well as the prolactin level followed by conception during treatment. Pregnancy remained uneventful till 27 weeks when she developed severe headache and total loss of vision from left eye and partial from right eye at 27 weeks. MRI showed enlargement of macroadenoma upto 2.5 cm with compression on optic chiasma. Transsphenoidal adenectomy was performed. After surgery visual field defect improved but plasma prolactin level remained elevated. She delivered vaginally at 39 weeks. Later, treatment with Bromocriptine [15 mg/day] failed to keep prolactin level normal and Lisuride hydrogen [0.8 mg/day] reduced the prolactin levels

Persistent gestational trophoblastic disease presenting as left hemiparesis in a Jamaican teenager

A 19-year-old woman, who delivered a macerated stillborn at 32 weeks' gestation and had persistent postpartum vaginal bleeding, presented with a left hemiparesis three and a half months after delivery. A clinical diagnosis of persistent gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) was made, based on quantitative serum beta-hCG of more than 200,000 IU/ml, cannon ball metastases on chest X-ray and two ring enhancing lesions, metastases, in the right parietal lobe on Computed Axial Tomography (CAT) scan of the brain. Despite combination chemotherapy, with methotrexate, cyclophosphamide and actinomycin D, her condition worsened and she died.

A Case of Treatment-Related Myelodysplastic syndrome and Acute Myelogenous Leukemia Following High-Dose Chemotherapy with Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation for Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma

Treatment-related myelodysplastic syndrome (t-MDS) and acute myelogenous leukemia (t-AML) are now well established as complications of cytotoxic chemotherapy. We experienced a 28-yr-old female patient who developed t-MDS/t-AML with characteristic chromosomal abnormalities including 11q23 chromosomal rearrangement following high-dose chemotherapy with autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. The patient was admitted with bulky abdominal masses of B cell lineage non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. After 2 cycles of systemic chemotherapy of the Vanderbilt regimen, the patient underwent ASCT with high dose chemotherapy of the BEAC regimen. She also received radiation of 48 Gy for the residual periportal lymphadenopathy. The initial cytogenetic analysis of the infused mononuclear cells revealed a normal karyotype. Twenty two months after the ASCT, pancytopenia was noted and her bone marrow aspirate showed dysplastic hemopoiesis with myeloblasts up to 12% of nonerythroid nucleated cells. The patient was diagnosed as t-MDS (refractory anemia with an excess of blasts). Cytogenetic analysis showed complex chromosomal abnormalities including 11q23 rearrangement, which is frequently found in topoisomerase II inhibitor-related hematologic malignancies. Four months later, it was noted that the t-MDS had evolved into an overt t-AML. Cytogenetic analysis showed an evolving pattern with more complex abnormalities. The patient was treated with combination che-motherapy, but her leukemic cells were resistant to the therapy.